Quick Answer
An ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) is a 9-digit tax ID issued by the IRS for people with a U.S. tax obligation who cannot get an SSN. It always starts with 9. Key facts:
- What it allows: file taxes, open bank accounts, apply for credit, buy property, and invest.
- What it does not do: authorize employment as a W-2 employee or establish immigration status.
- How to apply: complete IRS Form W-7 and submit with your tax return and a valid passport or two other identity documents.
Why Does an ITIN Matter?
An ITIN, a 9-digit IRS tax number, is the foundation of financial life in the U.S. for immigrants without a Social Security Number. With an ITIN, you can open a bank account, file taxes, build a credit history, get a mortgage, and establish that you're a legitimate resident paying into the system. Without one, you're locked out of formal financial services and can't report income legitimately.
The ITIN exists because the IRS recognized a simple fact: undocumented immigrants earn income and have tax obligations. The U.S. created it as a pathway to file taxes voluntarily — proof of compliance, not illegal status. The IRS has issued more than 31 million ITINs since 1996, including 469,888 in 2025 alone (TIGTA, 2026).
What an ITIN gives you: A tax ID to file taxes, open bank accounts, build credit history, apply for loans (mortgages, car loans, personal loans), report income legally, and establish a financial record that can support immigration applications later.
What Is an ITIN?
An ITIN is a 9-digit number the IRS issues to people who must file U.S. taxes but are not eligible for a Social Security Number. It always starts with 9 (formatted 9XX-XX-XXXX). The IRS created the program in 1996 so anyone with U.S. income could meet their tax obligations regardless of immigration status.
Definition
An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) is a 9-digit number issued by the IRS to people who need to file U.S. taxes but are not eligible for a Social Security Number (SSN). It always starts with the number 9 — for example: 9XX-XX-XXXX. An ITIN is not a photo ID and cannot be used to fly — see can you fly with an ITIN?
The IRS created the ITIN program in 1996 so that everyone with income in the U.S. — regardless of immigration status — could fulfill their tax obligations. It is issued purely for tax purposes and does not grant work authorization, change your immigration status, or make you eligible for Social Security benefits.
Importantly, you can apply for an ITIN regardless of your immigration status. Undocumented immigrants, visa holders, non-resident aliens, and their dependents may all qualify.
What Is an ITIN Used For?
About 3.8 million ITIN tax returns were filed for tax year 2022 (IRS). Beyond filing, an ITIN unlocks at least 6 financial tasks: opening a bank account, building credit with secured cards, applying for an ITIN mortgage, accessing state college aid, and claiming tax refunds you're owed. It does not authorize work or grant Social Security benefits.
Filing Federal Tax Returns
Report your income to the IRS and stay compliant with U.S. tax law, even without an SSN.
Opening a Bank Account
Many banks and credit unions accept an ITIN in place of an SSN to open checking and savings accounts.
Building Credit
Apply for secured credit cards and credit-builder loans using your ITIN to establish a U.S. credit history.
Applying for a Mortgage
Some lenders offer ITIN mortgage loans, allowing you to purchase a home without an SSN.
College Financial Aid
Required for the California DREAM Act application and some state-based financial aid programs.
Claiming Tax Refunds
If you overpaid taxes, an ITIN lets you claim a refund — money you are owed back from the IRS.
What an ITIN Does NOT Do
An ITIN does not authorize you to work in the U.S., make you eligible for Social Security benefits, qualify you for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), or change your immigration status in any way. It is a tax number only.
What Are the Requirements to Get an ITIN?
To qualify for an ITIN in 2026, you must meet all 3 of these conditions: you need a valid federal tax purpose, such as filing a return; you must not be eligible for a Social Security Number; and you must prove both your identity and your foreign status with original or certified documents. Immigration status does not affect eligibility:
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1You are not eligible for a Social Security Number U.S. citizens and permanent residents (green card holders) must use an SSN. If you can legally get an SSN, you cannot apply for an ITIN.
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2You have a federal tax filing requirement You must have a legitimate reason to file a U.S. federal tax return — such as earned income, investment income, or claiming a tax benefit. In most cases you will attach a tax return to your application.
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3You can provide proof of identity and foreign status You must submit original documents (or certified copies) proving who you are and that you are not a U.S. citizen. A passport is the only single document that satisfies both requirements.
Good to Know
Immigration status does not disqualify you. The IRS explicitly states that ITINs are issued regardless of immigration status. Both undocumented immigrants and those with valid visas may apply.
Which Identity Documents Does the IRS Accept for an ITIN?
The IRS accepts 13 specific documents for an ITIN application, and you must provide originals or certified copies — plain photocopies are not accepted. A valid passport is the easiest option because, on its own, it proves both your identity and your foreign status, so you avoid combining 2 separate documents.
| Document | Proves Identity | Proves Foreign Status |
|---|---|---|
| Passport Best Option | Yes | Yes |
| National ID Card (with photo, address, DOB, expiration) | Yes | Yes |
| U.S. Driver's License | Yes | No |
| Civil Birth Certificate | No | Yes |
| U.S. State ID Card | Yes | No |
| Foreign Driver's License | Yes | No |
| USCIS Photo ID | Yes | Yes |
| U.S. Military ID | Yes | No |
| Foreign Military ID | Yes | Yes |
| Visa | No | Yes |
| U.S. Medical Record (dependents under 6 only) | Yes | No |
| U.S. School Record (dependents under 18 only) | Yes | No |
If you do not have a passport, you must submit at least two documents — one proving identity and one proving foreign status. At least one document must include a photo.
Protect Your Documents
If you mail your application, the IRS will return your original documents within 60 days. If you are uncomfortable mailing your passport, apply in person at an IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center or through a Certifying Acceptance Agent (CAA) — they can review your originals and send certified copies so your passport never leaves your hands.
How Do I Apply for an ITIN? (3 Methods)
There are 3 ways to apply for an ITIN, all using Form W-7: by mail with your original documents to Austin (7–11 weeks), in person at an IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center that authenticates documents on the spot, or through a Certifying Acceptance Agent who protects your passport. Applying directly through the IRS is completely free.
Download Form W-7 free from IRS.gov.
By Mail
Complete Form W-7, attach your tax return, and mail your original documents to the IRS ITIN Operations in Austin, TX. Processing takes 7–11 weeks. Your documents will be returned to you by mail.
In Person at an IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center (TAC)
Visit an IRS TAC location with your documents. They authenticate everything on the spot so you do not have to mail originals. Find your nearest location at IRS.gov/TAC. Free, no appointment fee.
Through a Certifying Acceptance Agent (CAA)
CAAs are IRS-authorized individuals and organizations who can verify your documents and submit your application. Many nonprofit organizations offer this service free of charge. Paid CAAs typically charge $50–$150. This is the safest option for protecting your passport. Find a CAA at IRS.gov.
Processing Time
Expect 7 weeks outside of tax season. During January 15 – April 30, it can take 9–11 weeks. You will receive a CP565 notice in the mail when your ITIN is assigned. Keep this notice — it is your official ITIN record.
How Long Does It Take to Get an ITIN?
The IRS typically takes 7 to 11 weeks to process a new ITIN when you mail Form W-7 directly, and 4 to 6 weeks through a Certified Acceptance Agent (CAA) who certifies your documents in person. Processing is slower during peak tax season (January–April). Once issued, your ITIN stays valid as long as you file a tax return every 3 years.
- Mail to IRS directly: 7–11 weeks. You must send original identity documents or certified copies — they are returned by mail after processing.
- Through a Certified Acceptance Agent (CAA): 4–6 weeks. The CAA certifies your documents on-site so you keep your originals. Find a CAA at irs.gov/itin.
- At an IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center (TAC): Documents certified in person; processing time same as direct mail. Appointment required — call 844-545-5640.
- During tax season (Jan–Apr): Add 2–4 weeks to estimates above due to IRS volume. Apply in October–November for faster results.
How Do I Keep My ITIN Active?
An ITIN expires if it has not been used on a federal tax return for 3 consecutive years. If your ITIN expires, it will create problems with your credit history and any accounts linked to it. To keep it active, file a tax return at least once every 3 years — even a simple one.
If your ITIN has already expired, you can renew it by submitting a new Form W-7 with the required documents. Renewal does not change your ITIN number.
All ITIN Guides
Step-by-step guides covering everything you can do once you have your ITIN — from filing taxes and understanding your tax credit options to opening a bank account, getting a driver's license, and buying a house.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is an ITIN?
An ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) is a tax processing number issued by the IRS to people who are not eligible for a Social Security Number, including undocumented immigrants and certain foreign nationals. It is a 9-digit number beginning with 9 (9XX-XX-XXXX) used to file taxes, open bank accounts, build credit, and access financial services in the U.S.
Who needs an ITIN?
You need an ITIN if you have a U.S. tax obligation or are eligible for a tax benefit but cannot get a Social Security Number. This includes undocumented immigrants who earn income in the U.S., foreign nationals with U.S. income, and dependents or spouses of U.S. citizens or residents who are not eligible for an SSN.
How do I apply for an ITIN?
There are three ways to apply for an ITIN: (1) Mail your completed W-7 form with your tax return and original identity documents to the IRS. (2) Use a Certifying Acceptance Agent (CAA) — an IRS-authorized agent who can certify your documents without mailing originals. (3) Visit an IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center in person. The W-7 form is free at irs.gov. The IRS does not charge a fee to apply for an ITIN.
How long does it take to get an ITIN?
The IRS typically takes 7 to 11 weeks to process an ITIN application during normal periods, and up to 14 weeks during peak tax season (January through April). Applying through a Certifying Acceptance Agent can speed up the process. You will receive your ITIN by mail once approved.
Is an ITIN the same as a Social Security Number?
No. An ITIN is not the same as a Social Security Number and cannot be used for employment or Social Security benefits. It is only for federal tax purposes. However, an ITIN can be used to open bank accounts, apply for credit cards, file taxes, and access many financial services in the U.S.
Does getting an ITIN affect my immigration status?
No. Getting an ITIN does not affect your immigration status. The IRS is prohibited by law from sharing taxpayer information with immigration enforcement agencies. Applying for and using an ITIN is strictly a tax matter. In fact, consistently filing taxes using an ITIN can demonstrate good-faith ties to the U.S.
When does an ITIN expire?
ITINs expire if not used on a U.S. federal tax return at least once in the last three consecutive years, or if issued before 2013 with certain middle digits. To keep your ITIN active, file a federal tax return every year. If your ITIN has expired, you can renew it using the same W-7 process.
Can I use an ITIN to work legally?
No. An ITIN does not authorize you to work in the United States. Work authorization requires a Social Security Number or an Employment Authorization Document (EAD). However, an ITIN can be used for self-employment, freelancing, and reporting income on your tax return.